Tocqueville Saw It Coming

An expanded version of my response to the Cosmos Institute’s Tocqueville and Technology essay contest prompt: Tocqueville warned of a ‘tutelary power’ that would keep citizens in perpetual childhood. How have Tocqueville’s concerns migrated from institutions to algorithms, and does AI fulfill or transform this fear?“

Tocqueville saw it coming.

His warning was precise. Tutelary power does not tyrannize. It infantilizes. It keeps citizens in perpetual childhood, sparing them the friction of thinking and choosing.

The root cause of inequality in democracies is a citizenry unaware of their power and that their rights come with responsibilities. This was true in Tocqueville’s century. It is true now. What is changing is the delivery systems. Faced with marginalization, made worse by algorithmic capitalism, vulnerable people create their own hidden economy and decide not to vote. Too many feel alone and abandoned. “If I don’t see how I matter,” folks reason, “why organize?” This is tutelary power perfected: no uniforms, no visible hand. The algorithm provides isolating company; the platform monetizes siloed attention that depresses.

When citizens disengage, elites take over. The result is unchecked power of the private sector and the state.

Tocqueville feared the soft tyranny of the paternalist state. What arrives now is algorithmic tyranny. It’s a market-driven tutelary system that learns your name and delivers your dopamine, then profits from your passivity and addiction. Co-editors of the 2026 book Attensity call it human fracking: the extraction of human attention as a resource, leaving society diminished.

$400B+ invested in AI in 2025. Anthropic CEO Dario Amodei estimates: 50% of entry-level white-collar positions eliminated by 2030. Our communities absorb the displacement with no tangible mechanism offered by AI companies or government. Resilience through human relationships is everything.

So, does AI fulfill Tocqueville’s fear or transform it? Yes and yes. It infantilizes because we citizens make it so. Every convenience chosen, every maximum efficient pursuit won, is also frictionless thinking and choosing. An apparent easier life and success is in fact atrophying judgment, analytical and communication skills.

It transforms because the target of our ire is diffuse. In Tocqueville’s time, and since for most of modern history, we could orient our fear against the despotic state. Now, the state intermingles with the company and neither is easy to pin down. This is not a lesser tutelary power. It is harder to see, which makes it harder to fight.

But the gap between the current state and an improved future is a problem of motivation and civic identity. It is solvable.

AI is inevitable. While our communities absorb losses, we are not broken. We are dynamic, active. We only need a hand up. The answer to algorithmic tutelary power is not to unplug. It is to relate when naming and diagnosing what is happening. Then we organize, using AI as a tool.

Sustainable shared prosperity requires shifting power and resources directly to local groups and communities through attention building and economic and political rights work at the community level. As john powell puts it, poverty is mental as much as economic. It is fundamentally about exclusion. Create belonging, reduce poverty. Question thinking and active listening slow things down. They move people from judgment to curiosity, from isolation to belonging.

In Northeast Ohio, Salon Cultivar is testing exactly this: six people across race, generations, and professions, building off learning from The Strother School for Radical Attention, practicing collective conscious resistance to the attention economy.

The individual citizen is the key to her community’s resilience. Her power is inherent. A seat at the table must be built.

Tocqueville’s warning was grounded in his fear that those kept in tutelage would be worn down into apathy. On one hand, this is exactly what is happening. AI labs race each other and China because the incentive structure rewards speed and punishes hesitation. On the other hand, it’s messy: a growing number in the industry call for global regulation, arguing they’re caught in a race none can quit alone. In the meantime, citizens and their communities are being fracked by the attention economy and lobbying budgets grow. Still, the way forward is the same as it was 200 years ago, with one addition: show up, listen, pay attention, organize, and use AI to do all four better.